31st

Which child do you sell first?

January 2009

If you hoped for change, you’re about to get it good and hard.

The Obama administration has asked the military’s Joint Chiefs of Staff to cut the Pentagon’s budget request for the fiscal year 2010 by more than 10 percent — about $55 billion — a senior U.S. defense official tells FOX News.

Last year’s defense budget was $512 billion. Service chiefs and planners will be spending the weekend “burning the midnight oil” looking at ways to cut the budget — looking especially at weapons programs, the defense official said.

Some overall budget figures are expected to be announced Monday.

Good people are smoothing up alternatives for whatever USN size of the sandwich will be (yes, I like to mix my metaphors – wait for the volcano one).

Just use a USN 30% of the total as a baseline – $18.3 billion. What do we throw into the volcano first?




Posted by CDRSalamander in Uncategorized

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  • DavidB

    How close to $18B can one get making cuts in LCS and DDG1000? And what’s left of either then?

  • Eagle1

    Won’t there be a “peace dividend” from withdrawing from Iraq and closing Gitmo?

    Don’t we always cut personnel first because that’s the only near term cut that can be made? Time for reductions in the flag officer ranks?

    Traditionally we also cut flight hours and weapons training and tie up ships. How about closing some more bases? Stop F-22 buys and convert to the F-35. Reduce the M-1 Abrams force by 1/3 and use that dead 1/3 for parts? FRAM some ships instead on new buys?

  • Jay

    Eagle is on to some good ideas.

    Another BRAC might be in order, although those savings are not always realized as soon as anyone would like.

    Sec Gates might be able to kick it off, if not see it through.

    Speaking for Navy — really, really, really attach all the Reserves to their Active Duty commands. Take 1/3 of the FTS folks and put them in the AD commands to assist with the admin load. Delete the other 2/3rds of the billets. A separate Reserve structure is really an outdated & bad idea.

  • Jay

    LOL…I guess that should read — “Speaking about Navy”.

    :-)

  • Byron

    Kill LCS. Kill DD?. License build from a Euro design. Pass out a lot of gold watches. Is there a real reason why we have TYCOM?

    Do NOT mess with the Marines!

    Semi-agree on AF cuts. I think it would pay off to have the manufacture retain the jigs for F-22. It’s a helluva platform, and keep in mind that the F-15 Echos aren’t going to be with us forever.

  • http://smadanek.blogspot.com/ Ken Adams, Amphib Sailor

    You are all thinking small potatoes. This is a 10% cut in Total Obligation Authority. The top line for personnel is unlikely to go down, same for O&M. In that case, it means a 26% cut to everything else. I think we are looking at $48 billion out of the combined procurement and RDT&E lines this year — probably 130,000 defense jobs in industry. This cut is potentially big enough to eliminate every job at Raytheon twice over.

  • mike

    It takes 10 years after the BRAC decision to see any savings.

    The F-35 is not a substitute for the F-22.

    Reserve structure changes are a drop in the bucket.

    I agree with Ken’s assessment – small potatoes. These cuts are going to come out of big ticket items

    - The F-22 program
    - Virginia SSN
    - BMD

    On the surface, it sure sure looks like we don’t need any of these programs, right?

    We’ll feel the effects of this decision 30 years down the road when it’s clear we let a 2 generation advantage over our nearest peer competitor evaporate.

  • Moose

    Virginias are totally safe. Aside from being the only major DoD program that is ahead of schedule and on budget, the SSN industry in RI, Conn. and VA have powerful congressional delegations which together have the power to keep them well kept.

    I also think fewer programs will “end” we normally see in this environment and instead more will be slowed or pushed back. Amy Butler on Ares’ Check 6 podcast yesterday was pointing out that the USAF 2018 bomber was likely going to be pushed back past 2020, but in exchange it would grow more capable. There’s a good deal of money to be had simply slowing down things like FCS, F-35, BMD, etc. Coupled with reductions that will come from drawing down the Iraq force, and we’re not talking chump change.

  • Moose

    Another possibility is to forward all the bonuses which bailed-out banks are trying to pay out to the DoD instead, might not have to cut much after that.

  • Byron

    DoD coulda used Citi’s cute little jet too ;)

  • http://fredfryinternational.blogspot.com/ FFry

    “What do we throw into the volcano first?”
    – How about MARINE1?

    No good? Then how about having the military bill the White House and Congress for any travel they provide, at actual cost. Who pays for Marine guards at embassies worldwide? Shouldn’t the State Dept pay for that? And no, I do not think they are going to find too much savings with these types of items, however it is worth pointing out that a portion of the money DOD spends is actually for the benefit of other Government Departments.

    “It takes 10 years after the BRAC decision to see any savings.”
    If it takes 10 years to see anything out of a BRAC round, then perhaps BRAC needs to go. So how about shoving a base closure list back to Obama and tell him that DOD would like to save money closing these bases but Congress needs to change the law to permit action on it. In the current situation, are these extra bases still fully manned or are they open in name only? How far back can operations be scaled back at a base? If units are permenatly bases at them, how about ‘deploying’ them to a base they would end up at if their was closed.

    How much unwanted military equipment is forced on them by Congress. Cut that stuff too.

  • Pingback: SmadaNek

  • http://smadanek.blogspot.com/ Ken Adams, Amphib Sailor

    Moose, with these kinds of numbers, nothing is safe. This is going to gut the Navy. Looking at the details of what’s in the works, there’s not much room for a 10% cut without removing 20-25% of the procurement and R&D budgets.

  • UltimaRatioReg

    “On the surface, it sure sure looks like we don’t need any of these programs, right?

    We’ll feel the effects of this decision 30 years down the road when it’s clear we let a 2 generation advantage over our nearest peer competitor evaporate.”

    Amen, Mike.

    A “peace dividend” while at peace is foolish enough. (Isn’t the dividend PEACE?) A “peace dividend” while our nation is at war is unconscionable.

    The “peace dividend” RIF of 1994-5 has directly affected our abilities to maintain forces in Afghanistan and Iraq.

  • Moose

    The Navy has been gutted over the past 2 decades, despite DoD budgets going UP the last 7 and a half the fleet has shrunk and programs have ballooned. Would ADDING $50 Billion or $100 Billion or $1 Trillion cure the DoD’s ills? I doubt it. Wailing and gnashing teeth and accusing THIS 2-week old Administration of “Gutting the Navy” based on a budget we’ve not even seen outlined yet is preposterous.

  • http://smadanek.blogspot.com/ Ken Adams, Amphib Sailor

    We shall see, Moose. A 10% top line cut when the administration has promised to increase Marine Corps and Army end strengh by 92,000 spells doom for procurement to me.

  • UltimaRatioReg

    Moose,

    Excellent point. Lord knows, the entire DoD is in need of reining in project costs. Would another $100 billion make a significant difference? Not if it fed the rapacious appetite of these projects.

    However, talk of a “peace dividend” tells me this is not aimed at fixing the problems, but in reducing the capability, which, if similar to the RIF then, was described as “excess” and “redundant”. There’s the rub.

    I will be interested to see how much of the Defense Department is willing to do with the former (reform), and how insistent the Administration and Congress will be on the latter (reduction in capability).

  • steve usnr-ret

    how about scrapping the uniform changes?

  • sid

    Then how about having the military bill the White House and Congress for any travel they provide, at actual cost.

    Yout got that right buddy-boy…

    All this whining about corporate aircraft…Some folks need to look in the mirror.

    Oh sorry.

    This crowd -mules and elephants both- only peers through a looking glass when it comes to this kind of thing….

  • http://midwatchcowboy.blogspot.com midwatchcowboy

    How about mandating a 20% reduction in Contract Service Support – the contractors producing ‘analytic products’. That ought to be a few Bil.

  • Anon

    How about scrapping 90%of the mil spec requirments, and use the ASTM standard instead? Rationlizing the standards call-outs for materials would save a boat load of money, as would going over the material requirments for the existing ship programs. I’ve gone through serious pain and expense to the government getting the materials called out in the drawings. I did some research, and found that in many ways ASTM standards meet or exceed the mil spec requirements.

    So why are we still doing it this way? First, a bunch of civil servants make their living upholding these standards, second, mil spec sends us to one-of vendors. Anyone want to guess how many of these vendors have a congressman in their pocket? Also, the compliance requirements force vendors and contractors to add an expensive layer of paper pushers that the government ends up paying for. We (the contractors) have to add the cost of this part of our business to contracts, and for the vendor side, the destructive and non-destructive testing adds another layer of costs. That’s why you get $150 hammers and $2000 toilets for KC-137.

    Marine architects and engineers: the building programs wouldn’t be in such a mess (like the billions it’s going to take to resolve the wireway MCTs through bulkheads and decks issues on LPD-17, many of which caused compartments to be non-watertight)if the Navy itself had it’s own corp of dedicated personnel. All of our LARs, RLARs are written by the building yards. Most are good. Some aren’t.

    Congressional interference via the civilian and uniformed members of DoD into the construction program has to end if you ever want to get a program that can meet your initial requirements, works the way it’s supposed to, and doesn’t go billions over budget. Don’t let the contractors have a free-fire zone in which they can pimp their latest gee-whiz or push the Navy into accepting things like “sole-supplier” line items in the bill of materials.

    Yes, I’m a contractor. But I’m in the repair/conversion side of the business. For the most part, we dont’ have a lot of of wriggle room in which to screw the Navy over. We just have to get it done.

  • http://newwars.wordpress.com Mike Burleson

    This could be a time to expand the navy. A total freeze on Big Ship construction, since we already have enough battleships, 80+ according to Galrahn. And concerning the carrier race, I think we are ahead 11 to 1 against any potential foe, twice that if you count Harrier carriers.

    Now is the time to build up the littoral fleet, and I’m not talking about the half-billion dollar wonder USS Freedom. Small corvettes, FAC, OPV, patrol boats, backed by converted motherships to tame the shallow seas against pirates and terrorists smuggling WMDs. Also against rogue states like Iran who love to thumb their noses against our Big Ships. Savings from canceling new carriers, destroyers, and amphibs, even subs if need be, ought to get us a 500 to 600 ship navy, since for a single DDG-1000 you could buy 500 Stilettos.

  • Anon

    Mike, what kind of defensive and offensive weaponry could a Stilleto carry? What kind of networking ability will these fast boats have? Power generation required for comms/networking?

    Do you really want to see the US Navy become a speedboat Navy?

  • chief601

    How about scrapping the Davis-Bacon Act that forces up the construction costs of all government buildings? Some years back we were forced to pay $109 a sq ft for housing that we should have paid $67 a sq ft for. I told you it was a few years back. We got substandard housing for inflated costs. I retired as a fire chief for the Navy. I found that the only thing you couldn’t believe from MOST contractors was what they said and what they wrote. Hold inspectors more accountable. At my last command, I found myself explaining to the CO (30 minutes into the job) why his brand new fire suppression system in his underground building didn’t meet code. I was standing next to the inspector who said the job had been checed by engineers and I didn’t know what I was talking aobut. I showed him pictures from the NFPA that proved him wrong and the story changed to it’s no big deal. The CO found that some detectors mounted incorrectly was a big deal to him. We can save mony but I believe Congress has to change the way they do business to have a major impact. Figure the odds of that happening.

  • Byron

    Chief, you can mark that up to the unholy alliance between Congress and the milcorps.

  • TinCanFutureSNA

    Good bye AEGIS BMD, I knew thee well.

    I’ve heard from aviators that during certain administrations in the past they were down to 10 flight hours a month. But hey, that will be good news for sailors and their families who will be able to see more of each other as their ships are moored more frequently.

  • doc75

    Does anyone remember what happened to the southern California economy during the last major reduction in defense budget?

    Forget asking about which Navy programs to cut. Completely wrong approach.

    Why on God’s green Earth is Obama even considering this during an economic downturn? He is going to kill jobs with this plan. Why would he tell DoD to trim $48-50B now when he is asking Congress to approve nearly $1T in “stimulus.” Isn’t that straining at gnats and swallowing camels?

    The only possible reason I can come up with is that Obama or someone on his team is allowing an anti-military ideology to drive this decision. Which is counter to the Obama campaigns claims of being without ideology during the general election. But if you look back at the more ideological primaries, this is what he said he would do.

    The argument should be that this is NOT the time to cut DoD budget by 10%. When the economy improves AND the war is over, then we should about budget drawdown. Until then, it’s up to us to keep our elected leaders accountable and expose this for the stupidity it is.

  • Curtis

    We already got rid of MILSPEC and MILSTD.

    We need to economize by getting rid of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Infantry Divisions and also the lightweight and therefor useless 82nd and 101st airborne. They just get into trouble anyway and have to be bailed out by SEALs and SOCOM.

    Those 4+acre of freedom things also have to go since all they end up doing is raining fire and destruction down on innocent muslims everywhere and serve no real peaceful purpose.

    We can get rid of AFRICOM since those Africans never did anything to threaten us and are best left to their own devices. Likewise, we can just ditch SOUTHCOM and 4th Fleet since it’s not like those idiots pose any threat to the US.

    We could fire every single person in NAVSEA and PEO Ships and puke better ships than they give the navy. So they should go to the wall too. Ditto SPAWAR. Honestly, if you want well designed, well built kit, you should buy it from the Marines.

  • Anon

    Curtis, every day I sit down with a material requistion form….and every day I go over archaic prints (in that they are sometimes 25 years old) to make sure I’m ordering the proper call-out in the spec. You’d be amazed how many times an out-dated milspec is invoked and there is only one, repeat, one vendor that can furnish this at a price of course. So I’m not sure why you say we scrapped Mil-spec, unless you are talking about LCS.

  • Marty

    Didn’t anyone read or see SecDef’s testimony? Horizontal cuts aren’t going to be applied here. Vertical cuts are the answer. Can Navy defend its program? DDG-1000, CG(X), LCS would seem to be the prime candidates…

  • FOD Detector

    One has to remember CDR Salamander’s source.

    An unnamed source. Fox news.

    That’s two strikes.

    One should also remember the supposed cut is to a Pentagon budget request. Unquestionably, there’s plenty of pork in there that could easily be trimmed.

  • http://smadanek.blogspot.com Ken Adams, Amphib Sailor

    Even in LCS, the Navy did not scrap MILSPEC and MIL STD. The LCS Capabilities Development Document (i.e., top-level requirements) calls out MIL-STD-461, 464, and 1399. The Naval Vessel Rules contained lots of references to individual specifications and NAVSEA drawings. A lot of the NVR sections were initially re-labeled GENSPECS.
    The current LCS RFP (N00024-08-R-2307, which you can look up at https://www.neco.navy.mil/), just in the basic solicitation, calls out:
    – Safety design IAW MIL-STD-882D
    – Drydock certification IAW MIL-STD-1625C
    – Unique ID IAW MIL-STD-130M
    – Product markings IAW MIL-STD-129

    There’s even more buried in the details. Just one sample of the language, from the section on provisioning technical documentation in the data requirements list:

    “PROVISIONING SUBMITTAL. PTD submittal shall include Component Identification Data (CID), Data Product Deliverables and Engineering Data for Provisioning (EDFP). The following documents provide detailed guidance on submittal of required information: MIL-DTL31000 Technical Data Packages (TDPs), MIL-STD-129M Marking for Shipment and Storage, MIL-STD-2073.1 Procedures for Development and Application of Packaging Requirements for DOD Material , ANSI MK 10.8 Material Handling Standard NAVSEA Technic Specification 9090-1500, Policies and Procedures, Provisioning, Allowance and Fitting Out Support Manual, Chapter 4., MIL-PRF-49506 of 11 Nov 96, Logistics Management Information (LMI) Performance Specification, OPNAVINST 4614.1F CH 2 of 28 Oct 95, Uniform Material Movement and Issue Priority System, NAVSUP Pub 437 of Jul 87, MILSTRIP/MILSTRAP, FAR 45, Federal Acquisition Regulations Government Property, SECNAVINST 5000.2B of 6 Dec 96, Implementation of Mandatory Procedures for Major and Non-Major Defense Acquisition Programs and Major and Non-Major Information Technology Acquisition Programs, DOD-STD 4100.38 of 1 Nov 83, DOD Provisioning and Other Reprocurement Screening Manual, NAVSUP P-719 of 6 June 1999 , Guide of the Assignment, Application and Use of Source, Maintenance & Recoverability Codes.”

    By my count, there are ten DoD-unique requirements and one commercial standard (ANSI MK 10.8) in that single sentence.

  • http://cdrsalamander@hotmail.com CDR Salamander

    FOD,
    You nibbled around the edges, now you have stepped in it – you are acting like a Troll.

    Do a google search – there are plenty of sources out there. I keep politics out of the USNI blog, if you want to be petty and not contribute to the issue at hand, comment over at my home blog on or someone else’s posts.

    Play that game again on one of my USNIBlog posts and I will Delete it.

    You are put on notice.

  • Jay

    How again are any budget matters & major acquistion programs not political?

  • Compound Fracture

    I read in my new issue of Proceedings how a person could come here and expect civil discussion. I hope that’s the case. Because I’d like to make my case as to why the Navy needs to cut itself by almost half. The rest of the services need to do so as well, but this is the USNI blog, so I’ll focus on our Navy.

    I was born and raised on a Navy base, then served 7 years active duty. I still work in naval aviation. Those are my qualifications to at least address the subject at hand.

    Our country, in the past 5 months or so, has created about one trillion in new money. Depending on what the Senate does over the next week or so, it looks like we’ll be creating close to another trillion. This is all debt. There are no assets to sell, or taxes to collect to create this two trillion. This new debt is on top of our already existing ten trillion dollar debt. If you stop and think about it, the creation of debt like this is really a stealth tax. This new debt our government is currently printing is backed by nothing. It is fancy paper, or in some cases, just an electronic credit. Either way, it has no value but for the words, “THIS IS LEGAL TENDER FOR ALL DEBTS PUBLIC AND PRIVATE.” In effect, all of this massive debt creation is a tax on the future. We will pay it, and our children will pay it, and so on.

    We can no longer afford this giant Navy or military. This country is broke. We are rapidly moving toward insolvency while we enslave future generations to a debt they have no control over, and had no say in its creation. Not only is that foolish, it is immoral. Something must be done. The Navy should lead the way by mothballing at least five CVBGs.

    As one intimately involved with the legacy Hornet, I can tell you that this rapidly aging aircraft is becoming difficult to maintain. Don’t get me wrong, the jet can be maintained, but many, if not most of the aircraft, have gone well over their flight hour design life, and the need-list for repairs to areas we’ve not needed to repair in the past, is growing.

    By mothballing at least five CVBGs, many of the oldest Hornets could be sent to AMARC. We could pick out the most desirable aircraft and use the rest for badly needed parts. Of course there’d be a drawdown in pilots and their attendant costs, and there would most definitely be savings in not having to put at least five carriers to sea. Manpower and the associated costs, e.g., retirement, medical care, housing, training, regular pay, all would be reduced. More Super Hornets could be bought. Those are but a few of the positives.

    Negatives? I read a post here about how cutting the Navy now, in this time of economic turmoil, would be foolish. Point made, and point taken. However, by not cutting now, we’re only going to make the inevitable crash that much more difficult to contend with.

    I see this as a way to strengthen the Navy, not weaken it. We’d have more money for training, more money for fresh aircraft, and we could strengthen the reserves.

    I know I’m a bit radical here, but I think we need to return to the sort of military our founders envisioned. Our Army should be brought home and reduced. Personally, I’d like to see us move the Army to a “Swedish Model.” We need to stop entangling ourselves in places like Iraq, and going to a Swedish type Army would put a stop to such adventurism.

    Our Navy is constitutionally authorized (unlike the standing, professional Army we currently put afield) and thus we should feel no shame in advocating for a professional Navy.

    The U.S. Navy has always led from the front. Even with six or seven carrier battle groups we’d still have three times as many as any other nation on the globe.

    I’ll stop there and listen to your counsel.

  • http://cdrsalamander@hotmail.com CDR Salamander

    Jay,
    No hijacking either. If you want to do that, start your own blog.

  • http://cdrsalamander.blogspot.com CDRSalamander

    FOD,
    I told you I would delete your post (that is why it ain’t there no-mo) if you didn’t de-troll yo’self.

    Now, get along and play on someone else’s porch. Your cigar and single-malt privileges are revoked – at least on my porch.

  • http://cdrsalamander.blogspot.com CDRSalamander

    Do that again (after two more deletes) and I will SPAM you .. which may drop you off the site for good.

    You are now abusing. She-who-must-be-obeyed at USNIBlog may overrule me, but for now … I’m guarding my porch.

  • Paul

    Tiptoeing past the current carnage, the news reports coming out today indicate that it’s a 50 billion dollar cut compared to what the JCS asked for, but a 40 billion dollar increase over the previous year and basically what the Bush administration was working with.

  • http://cdrsalamander.blogspot.com CDRSalamander

    Now THAT is a good comment. The truth can change, or gather more nuance. Paul, do you have a link to share?

  • http://informationdissemination.blogspot.com/ Galrahn
  • FOD Detector

    The truth can change…

    How ironic.

  • UltimaRatioReg

    Wonder how this is going to tie in with events on and around the peninsula that shall remain nameless. You can bet that a large portion of that potential conflict will happen on or under the water.

    http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jjz-1FsdSMQjYDWp3qoa60B4b_jwD962QN180

  • Anon

    Saber rattling. Small naval actions at sea. Kim screaming, “Death to Imperialist running dogs!” Demands for more money from US and UN to not make nukes.

    You know, the usual.

  • Jay

    As a life member of USNI, I take exception with *anyone* deleting anyone else’s posts, with the obvious exception of comments that are beyond the pale — (profanity, personal attacks, and the like).

    Censorship always strikes me as, well, unAmerican. Feel free to do it on your own blog, but USNI ought to exercise that control, not guest bloggers.

    Criticism keeps your ideas sharp, lest you fall into the morass of group think.

  • Jay

    Compound Fracture,

    You prob won’t get a whole lot of support for whacking more than 20% out of the Navy here. Folks who are/were flying or sailing, or under the water have gotten used to being a 911 force for the nation (the Marines used to call themselves that), and the only way to achieve that somewhat quick response rate is to have ships forward deployed & ready to go. That requires (due to maint cycle, training, down time, etc.) a certain amount of platforms (whether carriers, planes, etc.).

    We’d have to take a serious look at whether or not we would want to afford not having a carrier always in/near the PG or IO or the Western Pacific (not just the GW homeported in Japan).

    I am prob not saying anything you don’t already know, but mothballing close to half of our CVNS (not to mention the rest of the ships that make up a battlegroup/strike group, although that the number of escorts can move all over the place) is very likely a non-starter.

    Navy fought for a long time to keep 15 CVN groups (with some older CVs in the mix). I think with KITTY HAWK’s decomming, we’ll be at 11.

  • UltimaRatioReg

    Anon,

    We shall see if it is business as usual. Tough to tell in a closed society, and guessing wrong (Dean Acheson?) has some severe consequences.

    If Dear Leader either is no more or isn’t quite so dear, the equation changes immeasurably.

  • RickWilmes

    Jay Says:
    As a life member of USNI, I take exception with *anyone* deleting anyone else’s posts, with the obvious exception of comments that are beyond the pale — (profanity, personal attacks, and the like).

    I am also a life member of USNI and agree that such posts should not be deleted. I don’t necessarily agree with the commenter’s posts in question but as far as I can tell his posts have not violated any of the USNI blogs rules.

    Well reasoned and thought out rebuttals take time but are far more effective than the delete button.

  • Jay

    Here is the Danger Room post (most of it) from Wired.com:

    Conservatives howled, when word leaked that the Obama White House might be looking to “cut” the Pentagon’s budget request for the next fiscal year. But it’s only under the odd rules of Beltway bizarroland that this can be considered in any way a trim.

    As CQ’s Josh Rogin reports, Team Obama wants an eight percent, $40 billion increase in the Defense Department budget — from $487.7 billion in 2009 to $527.7 billion in 2010. But this uptick is only about half the size as the one the Joint Chiefs originally requested, in a $584 billion draft budget, complied last fall. So cue the all-too-predictable cries of Obama-as-hippie. “When it comes to the budget it appears that the choices Obama is making are all too reflective of a man who not long ago had the most liberal voting record in the Senate,” sniffs Max Boot.

    Oh, please. The $527 billion figure is “what the Bush people thought was the right number last February and that’s the number we’re going with,” an Office of Management and Budget official tells Rogin. “The Joint Chiefs did that to lay down a marker for the incoming administration that was unrealistic. It’s more of a wish list than anything else.”

  • RickWilmes

    Compound Fracture,

    Thank you for your post. I hope it will generate some discussion. Whether the Navy likes it or not their budget is going to be reduced because of the economic meltdown this country is experiencing.

    Those individuals that are on active duty will not consider any attempt to reduce the size of the Navy because their job may be on the line, and looking for work outside of the Navy in this economic climate is not going to help the situation.

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